Temperature, as a basic and important environmental parameter, is the temperature range inside which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and quite a lot of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring device. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable form corresponding to an electrical signal corresponding to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in trade zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic equipment
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical business
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings via an electrical sign. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage will increase, the temperature increases accordingly, at which level there’s a decrease in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the object to be measured so as to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their adjustments can replicate the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly utilized in industrial, automotive, and everyday family functions. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have quick response times, and might function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two different steel wires wound collectively to provide a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from a quantity of completely different supplies, allowing temperature sensors to measure completely different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are also designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, just like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance adjustments with temperature. They are normally manufactured from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass surface, which is why they are cheaper and fewer correct than RTDs. There are two primary forms of thermistors: constructive temperature coefficient (PTC) and unfavorable temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest kind and are characterised by a lower in resistance because the temperature increases. This is because at greater temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an working vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer items with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to vary with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are often made of pure metals, particularly platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a large temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick enough that resistance does not have an effect on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus offering a method to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate pressure and sense leads. This is probably the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are often built-in into integrated circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature modifications. IC sensors have a linear response, however they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature range (- -70 °C to 150 °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature using the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that mechanically adjusts the temperature, often based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the environment. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set level, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling gear to maintain the specified temperature.
There are many types of thermostats available, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to satisfy the needs of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical device for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two completely different metals have different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature modifications, the 2 metals within the bimetal expand or contract at different charges. Since the two metals are tightly sure together, this distinction causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is normally made right into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature adjustments, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this modification could be learn immediately as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the goal floor. They depend on the thermal energy radiated by the item to measure temperature, the commonest kind being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a target object to discover out its temperature. They are good for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is simply too high or too low, as they don’t want to return into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in a extensive variety of commercial and scientific functions, including temperature control of electronic units, monitoring of chemical reactions, food quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business devices
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have completely different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature vary that must be measured, and choose a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor types have different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have greater accuracies, whereas thermocouples have lower accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working setting, such as humidity, corrosive substances, high strain and other environmental situations.
Application: Application eventualities require a quick response to temperature adjustments, so it is important to choose a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 stainless steel rods and internal wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem varieties: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for max thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are best for liquid purposes.
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze data
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is determined by your software and trade, in case you have any questions about temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure professional and technical team to supply a solution. We also offer devices for water high quality evaluation, circulate meters, level measurement, pressure measurement, ozone generators and temperature controller.
Extended studying:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a primary and significant environmental parameter, is the temperature vary within which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some electronic circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal position in experimentation and engineering, and a variety of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific analysis and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose on a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring gadget. It converts warmth (temperature) right into a readable type corresponding to an electrical sign similar to present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by means of an electrical signal. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that must be in direct contact with the thing to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize totally different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their modifications can mirror the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly used in industrial, automotive, and on a daily basis family functions. Because they’re self-powered, they do not require excitation, have quick response times, and can operate over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two different metal wires wound collectively to supply a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from a variety of completely different materials, allowing temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are also designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance adjustments with temperature. They are normally made from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass surface, which is why they are cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two primary types of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most common sort and are characterised by a decrease in resistance because the temperature will increase. This is because at larger temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor materials increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an operating range as high as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer items with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to vary with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually manufactured from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a big temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance doesn’t affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus providing a approach to eliminate line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is essentially the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are often integrated into built-in circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature modifications. IC sensors have a linear response, but they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two kinds of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that mechanically adjusts the temperature, normally primarily based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls below a set level, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling equipment to take care of the specified temperature.
There are many types of thermostats obtainable, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to fulfill the needs of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the fact that two different metals have different coefficients of thermal enlargement. When the temperature changes, the two metals in the bimetal increase or contract at completely different rates. Since the 2 metals are tightly bound together, this distinction causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is normally made into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature adjustments, the degree of bimetal bending modifications, and this modification could be learn instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the target floor. They depend on the thermal energy radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the commonest type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is too high or too low, as they do not need to return into contact with the thing itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional image of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in a wide variety of business and scientific functions, together with temperature control of electronic units, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals quality management, and medical diagnostics.
pressure gauge น้ำมัน -contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business instruments
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature vary that must be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is another essential choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor varieties have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have larger accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, such as humidity, corrosive substances, high strain and different environmental situations.
Application: Application scenarios require a fast response to temperature changes, so you will need to select a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are equipped with 316 stainless-steel rods and internal wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for max thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are perfect for liquid purposes.
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of depends on your application and industry, if you have any questions about temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure professional and technical team to provide a solution. We additionally supply instruments for water high quality analysis, circulate meters, level measurement, stress measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters