For years, individuals involved in the oil and gasoline business have been innovating and creating ways to get correct measurements. From extraction to supply of those uncooked supplies, everyone within the enterprise has invested a substantial amount of effort to acquire essentially the most correct measurements.
As a result, scientists and engineers have been working hard to seek out new methods and strategies to make more environment friendly metrology methods. Thanks to their onerous work, the creation of different flow meters was attainable and due to this, the oil and fuel business is still sturdy right now.
These move meters are utilized by business (especially gas and oil) to calculate the mass flow or volume flow of fluids. Such functions outline the capacity and kind of circulate meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured based on mass flow and quantity circulate.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we’ve the circulate experience to deal with these robust jobs. Difficult oil and fuel move metering challenges such as excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our every day business. We work with a lot of our upstream and downstream clients to develop customized flow solutions for his or her hardest challenges, dealing with probably the most demanding chemical substances in their most distant and unsafe areas. We work with you to improve process efficiency, reduce pricey manufacturing downtime, and establish real-time monitoring and management.
Table of Contents
Where and how are oil and gas formed?
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Coriolis flow meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex circulate meter
Turbine flow meter
Thermal move meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gasoline move meter selection
Where and the way are oil and gas formed?
Before discussing the completely different move meters generally used within the oil and fuel trade, it is very important first understand the method of how the business collects raw supplies.
Both of these raw materials exist in several geological sources. For the most part, pure fuel and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks corresponding to sandstone and limestone. The primary cause for that is that these materials move simply through the rock, making them simpler to accumulate. The capability of the found reservoirs could be decided by their porosity, while the production capability is proportional to their permeability.
To begin the flow, they drill inside these rocks, which can make the fluid easier to extract. To provoke, increase or sustain circulate, water is pumped into the rocks, that are usually located underground. High pressure water is pumped into these rocks, which is ready to improve the flow rate and increase fluid extraction. A flow meter referred to as an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to accurately measure the amount of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some circumstances, drilling and pumping just isn’t adequate to obtain this material. Most of the oil or gas found in impermeable rocks can’t be fashioned in the typical way. These materials are known as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and so they embrace shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gasoline. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation should be stimulated to start out the circulate and allow the extraction course of. To do that, a way called “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mixture of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the high pressure, small cracks (fractures) are created, which can allow the fabric to move freely inside the foundation. Hydraulic fracturing is achieved by inflicting these fractures to open to allow the material to move, which is where the sand is available in; opening these fractures, resulting in excessive permeability. To precisely measure เกจ์วัดแก๊สหุงต้ม blending of fracturing fluid and components within the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic flow meters are used.
Now that we now have defined an overview of how the oil and gas trade will get these raw supplies, the next step is to understand how they’re measured utilizing various sorts of metering techniques.
Ultrasonic move meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the rate of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe by utilizing sound waves. Once the velocity of the fluid slowly will increase, a linear change in its frequency becomes apparent.
Ultrasonic move meters can be used to measure the flow price of fluids inside and out of doors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter contained in the pipe, while the clamp-on mannequin makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are much less accurate than inline fashions. As a result, they are only used for spot checks to obtain quick measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be utilized to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is suitable for so much of different things and is sturdy. Not to say, it requires very little maintenance.
Coriolis flow meter
The technology used in Coriolis flow meters is not the most recent in measuring natural substances within the oil and gas industry. The first industrial patents for Coriolis flow meters date back to the Fifties. However, it was not till 1970 that the application of this know-how in this subject began. Until now, nothing has modified, despite enhancements to the meters for extra correct measurements.
One of the original designs of the move meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; nonetheless, the practicality of the mannequin was the first problem as a result of its vibration downside. To clear up this problem, the design was changed to a two-tube design as an alternative of 1.
Despite going through different designs, the principle precept of Coriolis circulate meters never changed. As material flows via them, inertia is created via the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass circulate rate. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to supply a linear circulate signal.
There are a number of benefits to utilizing a Coriolis circulate meter. One of them is that it is very correct. These circulate meters are more generally used to measure numerous petroleum merchandise such as crude oil and pure fuel. The major point of the move meter is that it primarily measures mass circulate somewhat than volume. It is finest suited for measuring petroleum merchandise as a outcome of the main concern in measuring these products is warmth rather than volume.
Typically, this sort of circulate meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to four inches. Today, nonetheless, bigger fashions are extra available than ever before. The solely downside of the Coriolis flowmeter could also be that it is costlier than other types of metering methods. This is price it because it is cheaper to keep up than other flow meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic circulate meter is based on Faraday’s legislation of electromagnetic induction principle of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement precept may be seen in its limitations: cannot measure steam and fuel, the measured medium have to be conductive, and the conductivity can’t be less than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it can measure soiled, viscous and corrosive fluids, similar to pulp, slurry, sewage, and so on.. No stress loss attributable to move detection, giant circulate range, big selection of caliber, for big diameter pipeline can be utilized insertion type electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to decide on the appropriate electrode and lining materials.
Vortex circulate meter
One of probably the most versatile flow meters, the vortex flow meter, can simply measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years previous, vortex flowmeters lacked the necessary approvals for use in business. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute accredited a draft normal for the utilization of this flowmeter. Since that point, a number of firms within the industry have been actively working with API to additional develop the standard and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and gas flows and was expanded for additional use in 2010. Although there’s an unsure future, the design is evident for the presence of gases and liquids. In recent years, vortex flowmeters have had a restricted influence in the marketplace, however the desire for future firms is steadily increasing. However, due to other opponents such as ultrasonic, differential pressure and turbine flow meters, it has had little impression on the fuel commerce delivery market.
Turbine move meter
Turbine circulate meters use a mechanical rotor which is connected to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the volume of the gasoline, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes by way of the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, depending on the pace at which the substance is passing by way of the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is determined by the use of a sensor or different mechanical technique.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the skin of the pipe. Through using a sign, the sensor and transmitter determine the quantity of fabric flowing within the pipe.
Turbine circulate meters are very inexpensive by way of pricing. In addition, they provide more correct results when the substance being measured is a gasoline or any other materials that is freed from debris at low move rates.
One drawback of utilizing a turbine flowmeter is that it does not adapt properly to changing move charges, because the mechanical components can wear heavily and have to be changed instantly. In addition, turbine meters work finest when measuring the mass of a fuel with unknown traits.
In addition to its makes use of, it is generally used as a billing meter to measure gasoline or water in business, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, nevertheless, it competes with volumetric move meters. The latter is extra suitable for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, whereas the turbine flow meter is finest suited for pipes of 10 inches or more in size.
Thermal flow meter
In its major sense, a thermal circulate meter measures the speed at which warmth dissipates as it’s injected immediately right into a gasoline stream. In most instances, thermal move meters are used completely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation is determined by the composition and temperature of the gasoline. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this stage of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the finest choice.
Differential flow meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic circulate meter, it also measures the flow by way of the pipe. It differs from other flowmeters in that it uses Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential move meters use constriction to slow the circulate and strain of fabric within the pipe.
As the flow pressure slowly increases, the magnitude of the stress drop increases proportionally. The knowledge from this event is transmitted over totally different units of pressure readings. Using this data, it is potential to calculate the strain differential to measure the volumetric flow rate.
Differential circulate meters are usually low-cost. And there are also completely different versions for different substances to make correct measurements for every fluid. However, gases are a particular case as a end result of in order to get correct readings for a specific fuel, differential move meters should be used in mixture with other sensors for different components such as temperature, pressure, fuel composition and fuel density.
Although it is an excellent flowmeter in its personal right, trade prefers other forms of metering techniques. This is principally due to its inaccuracy when it comes to other factors corresponding to temperature, strain, and so on. In addition, in order to get hold of probably the most accurate gasoline measurements, it must be utilized in mixture with different sensors or a special version of differential stress flowmeter altogether. Due to the above factors, it’s difficult to acquire correct readings. This is mainly the reason why the oil and fuel trade prefers different forms of metering, especially when coping with gases.
Positive displacement circulate meter
There are various kinds of optimistic displacement flow meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric flow meters can be used for a selection of things involving commercial, industrial and residential applications. They are most commonly used to measure fuel flow. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at dealing with a gradual flow in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are sometimes used to measure gas flow. The latter is preferred over rivals similar to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a result of volumetric flowmeters wouldn’t have the trade approvals required for area applications.
Oil and gasoline move meter choice
The main components to consider in selecting an appropriate flowmeter embody: fluid characteristics, flowmeter characteristics necessities, set up situations, environmental circumstances, and value.
In addition, the number of circulate meters can’t absolutely pursue excessive performance and excessive precision, which not solely will increase the purchase cost, but additionally increases the price of spare parts. It can be essential to contemplate the calibration and maintenance of circulate meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid circulate is the idea for ensuring the security of petrochemical production process, improving product high quality and reducing energy consumption. Due to the complexity and diversity of flow measurement media, there isn’t a common kind of flowmeter, no flowmeter can be utilized to any different conditions of every kind of media. Each type of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, totally different principles, completely different structures, completely different capabilities of the flowmeter of their respective applicable scope play a job. Therefore, the number of flowmeter needs to comply with the usual specs and choice principles at the similar time comprehensive consideration of various factors affecting move measurement.
Extended studying:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working principle
Liquid circulate meter
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For years, individuals involved within the oil and fuel trade have been innovating and creating ways to get correct measurements. From extraction to delivery of these uncooked materials, everyone in the enterprise has invested a substantial quantity of effort to acquire essentially the most accurate measurements.
As a outcome, scientists and engineers have been working onerous to search out new methods and methods to make more efficient metrology techniques. Thanks to their exhausting work, the creation of different circulate meters was potential and due to this, the oil and fuel industry remains to be robust today.
These circulate meters are used by industry (especially fuel and oil) to calculate the mass move or quantity flow of fluids. Such applications outline the capacity and kind of move meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass circulate and quantity move.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we’ve the flow experience to sort out these powerful jobs. Difficult oil and fuel flow metering challenges such as excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our day by day enterprise. We work with lots of our upstream and downstream prospects to develop customized flow options for their toughest challenges, dealing with essentially the most demanding chemical substances in their most remote and unsafe areas. We work with you to improve course of efficiency, cut back pricey manufacturing downtime, and establish real-time monitoring and control.
Table of Contents
Where and how are oil and gasoline formed?
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Coriolis flow meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex move meter
Turbine circulate meter
Thermal circulate meter
Differential move meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gas flow meter selection
Where and the way are oil and gas formed?
Before discussing the totally different flow meters commonly used within the oil and fuel trade, it could be very important first understand the method of how the industry collects uncooked supplies.
Both of those uncooked materials exist in several geological sources. For the most part, natural fuel and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The major reason for this is that these materials transfer simply via the rock, making them simpler to build up. The capability of the found reservoirs may be decided by their porosity, while the manufacturing capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To start the move, they drill inside these rocks, which will make the fluid easier to extract. To provoke, increase or maintain flow, water is pumped into the rocks, that are normally located underground. High strain water is pumped into these rocks, which is ready to enhance the circulate price and enhance fluid extraction. A flow meter known as an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to precisely measure the quantity of water pumped contained in the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping is not adequate to acquire this materials. Most of the oil or gasoline found in impermeable rocks cannot be fashioned within the standard method. These materials are referred to as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” they usually include shale oil, coalbed methane and shale fuel. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation should be stimulated to start out the flow and enable the extraction course of. To do this, a method known as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mixture of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive pressure, small cracks (fractures) are created, which can enable the material to maneuver freely inside the foundation. Hydraulic fracturing is achieved by causing these fractures to open to permit the material to maneuver, which is the place the sand is out there in; opening these fractures, resulting in high permeability. To accurately measure the mixing of fracturing fluid and components in the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic circulate meters are used.
Now that we’ve defined an overview of how the oil and gas trade will get these raw supplies, the following step is to grasp how they are measured using different varieties of metering methods.
Ultrasonic move meter
Ultrasonic circulate meters measure the rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe by utilizing sound waves. Once the rate of the fluid slowly will increase, a linear change in its frequency turns into obvious.
Ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the move rate of fluids inside and outdoors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, whereas the clamp-on model makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on models are less accurate than inline fashions. As a outcome, they’re only used for spot checks to acquire instant measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be used to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is appropriate for a lot of various things and is durable. Not to mention, it requires very little upkeep.
Coriolis move meter
The know-how used in Coriolis flow meters is not the latest in measuring natural substances within the oil and gasoline trade. The first industrial patents for Coriolis flow meters date again to the Nineteen Fifties. However, it was not till 1970 that the applying of this technology on this field started. Until now, nothing has modified, despite improvements to the meters for extra accurate measurements.
One of the original designs of the circulate meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; however, the practicality of the mannequin was the first problem as a end result of its vibration problem. To remedy this problem, the design was changed to a two-tube design instead of one.
Despite going by way of different designs, the principle precept of Coriolis move meters never modified. As materials flows through them, inertia is created by way of the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass move price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to supply a linear move signal.
There are a quantity of advantages to utilizing a Coriolis move meter. One of them is that it is extremely correct. These flow meters are more commonly used to measure varied petroleum merchandise similar to crude oil and natural gasoline. The main point of the circulate meter is that it primarily measures mass flow somewhat than quantity. It is finest suited for measuring petroleum products as a result of the principle concern in measuring these merchandise is heat rather than volume.
Typically, this type of move meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, nonetheless, bigger fashions are more readily available than ever earlier than. The only drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter could additionally be that it’s more expensive than other types of metering systems. This is worth it because it is inexpensive to maintain than other circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic circulate meter is predicated on Faraday’s legislation of electromagnetic induction principle of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle may be seen in its limitations: can’t measure steam and gas, the measured medium have to be conductive, and the conductivity can not be less than 5μs/cm. Its advantage is that it could possibly measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, corresponding to pulp, slurry, sewage, etc.. No pressure loss brought on by move detection, giant flow range, wide selection of caliber, for giant diameter pipeline can be used insertion type electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to decide on the appropriate electrode and lining supplies.
Vortex move meter
One of probably the most versatile move meters, the vortex flow meter, can simply measure the circulate of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the necessary approvals to be used in business. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute accredited a draft standard for the utilization of this flowmeter. Since that point, a number of companies in the business have been actively working with API to additional develop the usual and its approval.
The commonplace is relevant to liquid, vapor and fuel flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there is an unsure future, the design is evident for the presence of gases and liquids. In current years, vortex flowmeters have had a restricted influence in the marketplace, however the desire for future companies is steadily growing. However, because of other rivals such as ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine move meters, it has had little influence on the fuel commerce delivery market.
Turbine circulate meter
Turbine circulate meters use a mechanical rotor which is attached to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the quantity of the gasoline, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes through the pipe, the rotor rotates at its velocity, relying on the velocity at which the substance is passing by way of the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is decided by way of a sensor or other mechanical methodology.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet positioned on the skin of the pipe. Through the usage of a sign, the sensor and transmitter determine the volume of material flowing within the pipe.
Turbine move meters are very cheap by method of pricing. In addition, they give extra correct results when the substance being measured is a gas or another material that is free of particles at low move rates.
One disadvantage of using a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt well to changing move charges, because the mechanical parts can wear closely and need to be replaced instantly. In addition, turbine meters work best when measuring the mass of a gas with unknown traits.
In addition to its uses, it’s commonly used as a billing meter to measure gas or water in industrial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, nonetheless, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is more appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, while the turbine flow meter is greatest suited for pipes of 10 inches or extra in size.
Thermal flow meter
In its major sense, a thermal move meter measures the speed at which heat dissipates as it’s injected instantly right into a gas stream. In most circumstances, thermal move meters are used completely to measure gases.
The heat dissipation is dependent upon the composition and temperature of the fuel. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this degree of accuracy is within acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is your best option.
Differential move meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic circulate meter, it also measures the flow by way of the pipe. It differs from other flowmeters in that it uses Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential move meters use constriction to slow the flow and stress of fabric within the pipe.
As the flow pressure slowly will increase, the magnitude of the pressure drop increases proportionally. The information from this occasion is transmitted over totally different sets of pressure readings. Using this info, it’s attainable to calculate the stress differential to measure the volumetric circulate fee.
Differential circulate meters are usually low-cost. And there are also different variations for different substances to make accurate measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a particular case as a result of so as to get correct readings for a selected gas, differential move meters must be used in mixture with other sensors for various components corresponding to temperature, strain, fuel composition and fuel density.
Although it is an excellent flowmeter in its personal proper, industry prefers different types of metering techniques. This is mainly due to its inaccuracy when it comes to different factors such as temperature, strain, and so on. In addition, so as to obtain the most accurate gasoline measurements, it needs to be used in combination with different sensors or a special version of differential pressure flowmeter altogether. Due to the above elements, it’s troublesome to obtain correct readings. This is mainly the explanation why the oil and fuel industry prefers different forms of metering, particularly when dealing with gases.
Positive displacement move meter
There are different types of optimistic displacement move meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric move meters can be utilized for quite a lot of things involving business, industrial and residential functions. They are most commonly used to measure gas move. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters in this regard. One of its advantages over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at handling a steady move in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are typically used to measure gas flow. The latter is preferred over opponents such as Coriolis flowmeters, primarily because volumetric flowmeters wouldn’t have the business approvals required for field functions.
Oil and gas flow meter choice
The primary components to assume about in selecting an appropriate flowmeter embrace: fluid characteristics, flowmeter traits requirements, installation situations, environmental conditions, and value.
In addition, the selection of flow meters can not fully pursue excessive efficiency and excessive precision, which not solely increases the acquisition price, but additionally increases the cost of spare parts. It can also be necessary to consider the calibration and upkeep of circulate meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid flow is the idea for making certain the protection of petrochemical manufacturing course of, bettering product quality and lowering energy consumption. Due to the complexity and diversity of move measurement media, there is not any universal sort of flowmeter, no flowmeter could be applied to any completely different conditions of all kinds of media. Each kind of flowmeter has its benefits and limitations of measurement, different ideas, totally different structures, completely different features of the flowmeter of their respective relevant scope play a task. Therefore, the selection of flowmeter needs to observe the usual specs and choice ideas on the identical time comprehensive consideration of assorted elements affecting circulate measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent move meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic flow meter working principle
Liquid move meter